长三角城市群与美国东北走廊地区的机场群比较：密度空间与功能分工*
Comparison of Airport Clusters in Urban Agglomerations between the Yangtze River Delta in China and Northeast Corridor in the United States: in the Aspect of Density Space and Function Specialization
张 蕾
江苏第二师范学院城市与资源环境学院 副教授，博士 北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校城市与区域规划系 访问学者
孙 伟（通信作者）
中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 副研究员，博士
摘要: 构建与长三角世界级城市群相匹配的协同联动的世界级机场群，已经成为长三角高质量一体化战略下的迫切要求和广泛共识。对美国东北走廊地区机场群的历史演变及其与长三角机场群的现状对比表明：在密度空间上，长三角机场密度显著低于东北走廊地区，1993年以来东北走廊地区同时经历了机场密度的下降与枢纽机场群的增强；在等级体系上，美国东北走廊地区的城市群与机场群耦合度更高，且耦合关系近30年来保持稳定，长三角存在较为明显的城市群与机场群的不匹配状况；在功能分工上，主要枢纽机场航线重叠是中美机场的共同特征，东北走廊地区国际航线和国内长距离航线的轴辐结构明显、中小机场功能定位差异明显，长三角大中小各类机场则存在航线重叠度高、市场区分度低等情况。最后，对长三角机场群发展提出如下建议：一是围绕都市圈的培育和发展，适度增加机场密度；二是注重构建以航空枢纽为中心、与主要都市圈相匹配的多个机场群；三是优化航空网络结构，打造“轴辐结构”，引导机场群各类机场特别是小型机场的特色化差异化发展。
Abstract: Constructing a cooperative and efficient airport cluster with worldwide influences which matches the position of Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration has become a consensus. The comparison of airport clusters in urban agglomerations between the Yangtze River Delta in China and the Northeast Corridor in the United States shows us some findings. Firstly, the density of airports in the Yangtze River Delta is lower than the Northeast Corridor, even though the latter has experienced density decline and strengthening of hub airports since 1993. Secondly, in the hierarchical system, the Northeast Corridor's urban agglomeration has a higher coupling with airport clusters than the Yangtze River Delta. Thirdly, it is the common feature that the two areas' main hub airports have overlapping routes. However, the Northeast Corridor has an obvious hub-and-spoke structure in international and domestic intercity routes, while the Yangtze River Delta's domestic routes overlap much. At last, this paper proposes several suggestions. The first is to increase the density of airports in the Yangtze River Delta. The second is to cultivate airport clusters echoing the development of important megalopolis. The third is to optimize the air network and construct the hub-and-spoke structure, and the medium and small airports should gradually develop their characteristics.
关键词：长三角城市群；美国东北走廊；机场群；密度空间；功能分工
Keyword: urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta; Northeast Corridor in the United States; airport clusters; density space; function specialization
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
国家自然科学基金 “空港经济区产业格局与空间结构演变及优化路径研究——以长三角为例” 41201112
DE NEUFVILLE R. Management of multi-airport systems: a development strategy[J]. Journal of Air Transport Management, 1995, 2(2): 99-110.
BARLA P, CONSTANTATOS C. Airline network structure under demand uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E, 2000(36): 173-180.
BONNEFOY P A, HANSMAN R J. Scalability of the air transportation system and development of multi-airport systems: a worldwide perspective[D]. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008.
MARCUCCI E, GATTA V. Regional airport choice: consumer behavior and policy implication[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2011(19): 70-84.
LIAO W. Competition and sustainability development of a multi airport region: a case study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area[J]. Sustainability, 2019(11): 1-21.
PELS E, NIJKAMP P, RIETVELD P. Access to and competition between airports: a case study for the San Francisco Bay Area[J]. Transportation Research Part A, 2003(37): 71-83.
LOO B P Y. Passengers airport choice within multi-airport regions MARs: some insights from a stated preference survey at Hong Kong International Airport[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2008(16): 117-125.
南通日报. 南通新机场选址报告评审咨询会召开[EB/OL]. （2019-01-31）[2020-05-01]. http://www.zgjssw.gov.cn/shixianchuanzhen/nantong/201901/t20190131_6050692.shtml.
Nantong Daily. The accreditation forum about site selection report of Nantong new airport was held[EB/OL]. (2019-01-31) [2020-05-01]. http://www.zgjssw.gov.cn/shixianchuanzhen/nantong/201901/t20190131_6050692.shtml.
袁杰. 经济大市苏州要建“自己的民用机场”？官方：在前期论证中[EB/OL]. （2018-04-03）[2020-05-01]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1596690525697222046.
YUAN Jie. Suzhou will build civil airport of its own? Official: in early stage[EB/OL]. (2018-04-03) [2020-05-01]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1596690525697222046.
中国江苏网. 疏解与对接，谁能更多享受长三角世界级城市群的发展红利[EB/OL]. （2018-03-27）[2020-05-01]. http://jsnews.jschina.com.cn/jsyw/201803/t20180327_1483136.shtml.
Jiangsu Now. Dispersion and connection, who can enjoy the bonus from development of urban agglomerations of Yangtze-River Delta[EB/OL]. (2018-03-27) [2020-05-01]. http://jsnews.jschina.com.cn/jsyw/201803/t20180327_1483136.shtml.
周凯. 长三角机场建设引发“多少”争论[EB/OL]. （2004-05-10）[2020-05-01]. http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2004-05/10/content_867479.htm.
ZHOU Kai. Argument of density of airports in Yangtze-River Delta[EB/OL]. (2004-05-10) [2020-05-01]. http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2004-05/10/content_867479.htm.
张莉，高超，胡华清. 我国三大机场群与城市群协调发展比较与建议[J]. 综合运输，2015（9）：4-10.
ZHANG Li, GAO Chao, HU Huaqing. Comparison and suggestions on the coordinated development of three biggest airport groups and city groups of China[J]. Comprehensive Transportation, 2015(9): 4-10.
李艳伟. 长三角机场群市场运营情况分析及未来发展建议[EB/OL]. （2018-12-06）[2020-05-01]. http://news.carnoc.com/list/472/472119.html.
LI Yanwei. Operational analysis and suggestion of future development for airports cluster in Yangtze-River Delta[EB/OL]. (2018-12-06) [2020-05-01]. http://news.carnoc.com/list/472/472119.html.
王家康. 美国机场群发展的影响因素、路径及其挑战——兼论对我国机场群建设的启示[J]. 空运商务，2018（11）：42-46.
WANG Jiakang. Influence factors, path and challenges of US airport clusters: and inspiration to construction of Chinese airport clusters[J]. Business of Air Transportation, 2018(11): 42-46.
张莉，张越，胡华清. 核心机场与多核机场群发展模式及其特点研究[J]. 综合运输，2018，40（1）：50-55.
ZHANG Li, ZHANG Yue, HU Huaqing. Characteristics of core airport and advantages of multi core airport groups[J]. Comprehensive Transportation, 2018, 40(1): 50-55.
范渊，姜欣辰. 加州世界级机场群空间规划布局模式研究[J]. 国际城市规划，2019（10）：1-23.
FAN Yuan, JIANG Xinchen. Research on the spatial layout mode of world-class airport group in California[J]. Urban Planning International, 2019(10): 1-23.
张越，胡华清. 美国东北部多机场系统运营管理模式[J]. 综合运输，2015（4）：70-74.
ZHANG Yue, HU Huaqing. Operational and management model of US Northeast multi-airports system[J]. Comprehensive Transportation, 2015(4): 70-74.
傅卿娜. 世界级城市群体系下的长三角机场群协同发展初探[J]. 民航管理，2018（11）：48-51.
FU Qingna. Coordinated development of Yangtze River Delta airport group under the group of world-class cities[J]. Civil Aviation Management, 2018(11): 48-51.
