数据增强设计*——新数据环境下的规划设计回应与改变
Data Augmented Design: Urban Planning and Design in the New Data Environment
龙瀛
北京市城市规划设计研究院 高级工程师，博士
沈尧
伦敦大学学院 博士研究生
摘要: 由大数据和开放数据构成的新数据环境，对城市的物理空间和社会空间进行了更为精细和深入的刻画。新数据环境下所开展的定量研究较多，但多为针对城市系统的现状评价和问题识别，少有面向未来的规划和设计的研究与应用。提出了数据增强设计（DAD）这一规划设计新方法论，它以定量城市分析为驱动，通过数据分析、建模、预测等手段，为规划设计的全过程提供调研、分析、方案设计、评价、追踪等支持工具，以数据实证提高设计的科学性，并激发规划设计人员的创造力。从数据增强设计的定义、理论和实践的维度、内涵、设计流程、特点与概念辨析、常用方法与工具，以及应用场景等角度，阐述了对DAD的认识；最后给出了关于DAD的研究案例和设计案例。
Abstract: The new data environment composed by big data and open data has descripted urban physical and social space in a more detailed way. Currently, numerous quantitative urban studies have been conducted under new data environment. However, most studies concentrated on status quo evaluation and problem identification of urban system, and few of them have a perspective into future-oriented urban planning and design. A new planning and design methodology termed Data Augmented Design (DAD) is presented in this paper. Empowered by quantitative urban analysis, utilizing approaches such as data analyzing, modeling and forecasting, DAD provides supporting tools covering the whole planning and design process from investigation, analysis, project design, evaluation and feedbacks. Empirical data analysis in DAD improves the scientific level of planning and design, and inspires the creativity of planners and designers. This paper illustrates our knowledge and understanding of DAD from the following aspects: its definition, theory & practice, features & conceptual distinctions, frequently used approaches & tools, as well as its expected applicable situations. Case studies of DAD both in research and design are presented in the last section of the paper.
关键词：计算机辅助规划、城市规划、城市设计、大数据、开放数据、数据驱动
Keyword: Computer aided planning, City planning, Urban design, Big data, Open data, Data-driven
中图分类号：TU981
文献标识码: A,B
资金资助
本研究受到国家自然科学基金项目（编号：51408039）资助。
[1] 龙瀛，吴康，王江浩，等. 大模型: 城市和区域研究的新范式[J]. 城市规划学刊，2014（6）： 55-63.
LONG Ying, WU Kang, WANG Jianghao, et al. Big Models: A Novel Paradigm for Urban and Regional Studies[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2014(6): 55-63.
[2] 刘伦，龙瀛，麦克•巴蒂. 城市模型的回顾与展望——访谈麦克•巴蒂之后的新思考[J]. 城市规划，2014，38（8）：63-70.
LIU Lun, LONG Ying, Mike Batty. A Retrospect and Prospect of Urban Models: Reflections after Interviewing Mike Batty[J]. City Planning Review,2014,38(8): 63-70.
[3] LONG Ying, WU Kang. Shrinking Localities in Booming Urbanization of China (2000—2010) [J]. Environment and Planning A (Accepted), 2015.
[4] RIBA, ARUP. Designing with Data: Shaping Our Future Cities [R]. http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Designingwithdata/Designingwithdatashapingourfuturecities.pdf, 2013.
[5] 王建国. 现代城市设计理论和方法（第二版） [M]. 南京：东南大学出版社，2001.
WANG Jianguo. Modern Urban Design: Theory & Methodology(the 2nd Edition) [M]. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2001.
[6] Michael Batty. The New Science of Cities [M]. Cambridge: Mit Press, 2013.
[7] SHEN Yao, Kayvan Karimi. Measuring Street-based Function Accessibility with Urban Network and Points of Interest: A Case Study of Shanghai [C]//2014 Annual Congress of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP). Utrecht, Netherlands, 2014.
[8]SHEN Yao, Kayvan Karimi. Understanding the Roles of Urban Configuration on Spatial Heterogeneity and Submarket Regionalisation of House Price Pattern in a Mix-Scaled Hedonic Model: The Case of Shanghai, China [C]//10th Space Syntax Symposium. London, UCL, 2015.
[9] LONG Ying, LIU Xingjian. Automated Identification and Characterization of Parcels (AICP) with Open Street Map and Points of Interest [J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning & Design, accepted, 2015.
[10] LONG Ying, SHEN Yao. Mapping Parcel-level Urban Areas for a Large Geographical Area [R]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.5864. 2014a.
[11] LONG Ying, WU Kang, MAO Qizhi. Simulating Urban Expansion in the Parcel Level for All Chinese Cities [R]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.3718, 2014.
[12] LONG Ying, HAN Haoying. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Urban Growth Boundaries Using Human Mobility and Activity Records [EB/OL]. Beijing City Lab. Working Paper 56, 2015.
[13] LONG Ying, SHEN Zhenjiang. Population Spatialization and Synthesis with Open Data [R]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0612, 2014b.
[14] LONG Ying, ZHANG Yongping. Land-use Pattern Scenario Analysis Using Planner Agent [J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning & Design, In press, 2015.
[15] LONG Ying, LIU Xingjian, ZHOU Jiangping, et al. Early Birds, Night Owls, and Tireless/Recurring Itinerants: An Exploratory Analysis of Extreme Transit Behaviors in Beijing, China [R]. arXiv preprint, http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02056, 2015.
[16]杨松. 北京市级绿道系统规划 [R]. 北京：北京市城市规划设计研究院，2014.
YANG Song. Beijing Regional Greenway System Plan [R]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of City Planning, 2014.
