“直过民族”聚落人居环境“生态—社会—生计” 耦合适应研究——以独龙江流域为例
"Ecological-Social-Livelihood" Coupling Adaptation in the Habitat of "Zhiguo Ethnic Group" Settlement: A Case Study of the Dulong River Basin
张子灿
北京林业大学园林学院 博士研究生
周政旭（通信作者）
清华大学建筑学院 副教授，博士生导师
高梦瑶
北京林业大学园林学院 博士研究生
摘要: “直过民族”指在我国云南等地，由原始社会末期等社会形态直接过渡到当前状态的傈僳、怒、独龙等少数民族。滇西北边陲的独龙江流域是“直过民族”之一独龙族的主要聚居地区，其地域的单元性以及跃进式的历史进程使得该地区的聚落人居环境研究具有典型意义。通过田野调查和民族志文本梳理等方法进行比对印证，在河谷、小流域、村寨3个尺度上论述独龙族人居环境的时空变迁，并探讨其聚落营建历程中核心的影响因素及作用机制。研究表明，独龙族以生存压力为主导形成了典型的山地聚落格局，并在游耕散居转为农业聚居的过程中不断调适其人居空间与社会组织。独龙族聚落作为独立的人居单元，在长中短时段的不同因素影响下构成多尺度嵌套的空间体系格局，并在形成与演变过程中建立起“生态—社会—生计”相耦合的适应机制。
Abstract: The term "Zhiguo ethnic group" refers to the Lisu, Nu, and Dulong ethnic groups in Yunnan, China, which have directly transitioned from the late primitive society to the current state. The Dulong river basin in northwest Yunnan is the main settlement area of the Dulong people, one of the "Zhiguo ethnic group", and the unitary nature of the area and the leapfrog historical process make it typical to study the settlement environment in this area. This study examines the spatial and temporal
changes of the Dulong people's living environment at three scales: river valley, small watershed, and village, and explores the core influencing factors and mechanisms in the construction of their settlements through field surveys and ethnographic textual combing. Research shows that the Dulong have formed a typical mountain settlement pattern driven by subsistence pressure, and have been adapting their human living space and social organization in the process of shifting from nomadic to agricultural settlement. As an independent habitat unit, Dulong settlements form a multi-scale nested spatial system pattern under the influence of different factors in the short to long term, and in the process of formation and evolution, they establish an ecological-social-livelihood coupled adaptation mechanism.
关键词：人居环境；适应性；独龙族；时空变迁；河谷
Keyword: human living environment; adaptation; Dulong ethnic group; spatial and temporal changes; river valley
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
“十三五”国家重点研发计划 村寨适应性空间优化与民居性能提升技术研发及应用示范 2020YFD1100705
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