基于韧性提升的乡村应急疏散空间规划方法与实践 ——以贵州省下司镇清江村为例
Methodology and Practice of Rural Emergency Evacuation Space Planning Based on Resilience Enhancement: A Case Study of Qingjiang Village, Xiasi Town, Guizhou Province
赵 炜
赵 炜 四川大学建筑与环境学院 教授，博士生导师
王超深（通信作者）
四川大学建筑与环境学院
张 莉
四川大学建筑与环境学院 博士研究生
摘要: 乡村应急疏散空间是乡村防灾韧性最直接的空间表征，由避难场所和疏散通道两部分构成。现有的乡村综合防灾规划中对应急疏散空间研究不足，缺少科学实用的应急疏散空间规划方法。从韧性提升的视角提出乡村应急疏散空间规划方法及其技术要点。结合乡村特征识别空间脆弱性，通过多区域协同防灾空间规划、仿真优化的疏散路径规划和设施配置等方式，提升应急疏散空间工程韧性。深度介入社区应急疏散能力训练，建立多主体协同、多阶段联动、具备地方性特色的乡村社区应急响应机制，同步加强社会韧性。该方法完善了乡村综合防灾规划中的相关技术内容。
Abstract: Rural emergency evacuation space is the most direct spatial representation of rural disaster prevention resilience, consisting of two parts: shelter and evacuation channels. There is insufficient research on emergency evacuation space in the existing rural comprehensive disaster prevention planning, and there is a lack of scientific and practical emergency evacuation space planning
methods. A planning method and technical key points are proposed for rural emergency evacuation space from the perspective of enhancing resilience. By combining rural features to identify spatial vulnerability, it aims to enhance the resilience of emergency evacuation space engineering through multi-regional collaborative disaster prevention spatial planning, simulation optimized evacuation path planning, and facility configuration. By deeply participating in community emergency evacuation capacity training, this paper proposes to establish a rural community emergency response mechanism with local characteristics that involves multi-subject collaboration and multi-stage linkage. In this process, the social resilience is strengthened as well. This method has improved the relevant technical content in rural comprehensive disaster prevention planning.
关键词：乡村韧性；社区韧性；韧性规划；综合防灾规划；应急疏散
Keyword: rural resilience; community resilience; resilience planning; comprehensive planning for disaster prevention; emergency evacuation
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
国家重点研发计划项目子项目 多灾种灾变空间耦合下 的应急疏散空间韧性规划技术与示范 2020YFD1100702-5）
丁琳，翟国方，李莎莎. 多灾种应对的城市综合避难场所规划研究[J]. 城市规划，2015，39（9）：
107-112.
DING Lin, ZHAI Guofang, LI Shasha. Planning for urban comprehensive evacuation shelters for better response to disasters[J]. City Planning Review, 2015, 39(9): 107-112.
董晓婉，徐煜辉，李湘梅. 乡村社区韧性研究综述与应用方向探究[J]. 国际城市规划，2022，37（3）：
73-80.
DONG Xiaowan, XU Yuhui, LI Xiangmei. Rural community resilience: a literature review and its future
directions in China[J]. Urban Planning International, 2022, 37(3): 73-80.
王成，任梅菁，胡秋云，等. 乡村生产空间系统韧性的科学认知及其研究域[J]. 地理科学进展，2021，
40（1）：85-94.
WANG Cheng, REN Meijing, HU Qiuyun, et al. Rural production space system resilience and its research
domains[J]. Progress in Geography, 2021, 40(1): 85-94.
张磊. 韧性理论视角下贫困村灾后恢复重建与灾害风险管理刍议[J]. 灾害学，2021，36（2）：159-165，175.
ZHANG Lei. Research on the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction and disaster risk management of poor villages from the perspective of resilience theory[J].
Journal of Catastrophology, 2021, 36(2): 159-165, 175.
苏经宇，马东辉，王志涛. 构建城乡防灾体系的初步探讨[J]. 城市规划，2008，32（9）：81-83.
SU Jingyu, MA Donghui, WANG Zhitao. On establishing urban-rural disaster prevention system[J].
City Planning Review, 2008, 32(9): 81-83.
王江波，戴慎志，苟爱萍. 城市综合防灾规划编制体系探讨[J]. 规划师，2013，29（1）：45-49.
WANG Jiangbo, DAI Shenzhi, GOU Aiping. Urban disaster prevention planning compilation[J]. Planners, 2013, 29(1): 45-49.
邴启亮，李鑫，罗彦. 韧性城市理论引导下的城市防灾减灾规划探讨[J]. 规划师，2017，33（8）：12-17.
BING Qiliang, LI Xin, LUO Yan. Urban disaster prevention plan with resilient city theory[J]. Planners,
2017, 33(8): 12-17.
罗紫元，曾坚. 韧性城市规划设计的研究演进与展望[J]. 现代城市研究，2022（2）：51-59.
LUO Ziyuan, ZENG Jian. Research evolution and prospect of resilience urban planning and design[J].
Modern Urban Research, 2022(2): 51-59.
翟国方，夏陈红. 我国韧性国土空间建设的战略重点[J]. 城市规划，2021，45（2）：44-48.
ZHAI Guofang, XIA Chenhong. Strategic emphasis on the construction of resilient cities in China[J]. City Planning Review, 2021, 45(2): 44-48.
颜文涛，卢江林. 乡村社区复兴的两种模式：韧性视角下的启示与思考[J]. 国际城市规划，2017，32（4）：
22-28.
YAN Wentao, LU Jianglin. Two models for revitalizing village: enlightenments under resilient perspective[J]. Urban Planning International, 2017, 32(4): 22-28.
李红波. 韧性理论视角下乡村聚落研究启示[J]. 地理科学，2020，40（4）：556-562.
LI Hongbo. Rural settlements research from the perspective of resilience theory[J]. Scientia
Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(4): 556-562.
吴健宏，翁文国. 应急避难场所的选址决策支持系统[J]. 清华大学学报（自然科学版），2011，51（5）：632-636.
WU Jianhong, WENG Wenguo. Decision support system for urban shelter locations[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2011, 51(5): 632-636.
李文静，翟国方，张岩，等. 全域旅游背景下县域应急避难场所规划研究——以淮安市金湖县为例[J].
上海城市规划，2022（4）：49-54.
LI Wenjing, ZHAI Guofang, ZHANG Yan, et al. Research on the emergency shelter planning of county
under the background of comprehensive tourism: a case study of Jinhu County, Huaian City[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2022(4): 49-54.
徐嵩，曾坚，任兰红. 基于可达性分析的山地村镇防灾避难场所研究——以阜平县不老树村为例[J]. 建
筑学报，2016，15（S2）：22-25.
XU Song, ZENG Jian, REN Lanhong. Research on shelters based on accessibility analysis in mountainous villages and towns: a case study of Bulaoshu Village in Fuping[J]. Architectural Journal, 2016, 15(S2): 22-25.
李文静，翟国方，陈伟. 基于多目标约束的避难场所选址研究综述[J]. 城市问题，2021（3）：107-114.
LI Wenjing, ZHAI Guofang, CHEN Wei. A review of shelter location based on multi-objective constraints[J]. Urban Problems, 2021(3): 107-114.
中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 镇（乡）村建筑抗震技术规程（JGJ 161—2008）[S]. 北京：中国
建筑工业出版社，2008.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Seismic technical specification for building construction in town and village (JGJ 161-2008)[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008.
国家市场监督管理总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会. 美丽乡村气象防灾减灾指南（GB/T 37926—
2019）[S]. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2019.
State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. Guidelines of
meteorological disaster prevention and reduction for beautiful villages (GB/T 37926-2019)[S]. Beijing:
China Architecture & Building Press, 2019.
国家市场监督管理总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会. 气象防灾减灾示范社区建设导则（GB/T 40246—
2021）[S]. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2021.
State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. Guidelines for
construction of meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation demonstration community (GB/T 40246-2021)[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2021.
冷红，陈天，翟国方，等. 极端气候背景下的思考：城乡建设与治水[J]. 南方建筑，2021（6）：1-9.
LENG Hong, CHEN Tian, ZHAI Guofang, et al. Urbanrural construction and water control against the background of extreme climates[J]. South Architecture, 2021(6): 1-9.
单嘉帝，田健，曾坚. 应对极端气候灾害的韧性城市规划方法[J]. 城市与减灾，2022（5）：6-12.
SHAN Jiadi, TIAN Jian, ZENG Jian. Planning methods of resilient city to cope with extreme climatic
disasters[J]. City and Disaster Reduction, 2022(5): 6-12.
杜兴军. 我国农村社区应急管理能力提升策略探究[J]. 中国应急管理科学，2022（1）：20-27.
DU Xingjun. Study on the strategy of rural emergency management capacity at grass-roots level in China[J]. Journal of China Emergency Management Science, 2022(1): 20-27.
JABAREEN Y. Planning the resilient city: concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and
environmental risk[J]. Cities, 2013, 31: 220-229.
WILSON G. Community resilience and environmental transitions[M]. London: Routledge, 2012.
彭翀，郭祖源，彭仲仁. 国外社区韧性的理论与实践进展[J]. 国际城市规划，2017，32（4）：60-66.
PENG Chong, GUO Zuyuan, PENG Zhongren. Research progress on the theory and practice of foreign community resilience[J]. Urban Planning International, 2017, 32(4): 60-66.
RAZAFINDRABE B, PARVIN G A, SURJAN A, et al. Climate disaster resilience: focus on coastal urban
cities in Asia[J]. Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management, 2009, 1(1): 101-116.
COHEN O, LEYKIN D, LAHAD M, et al. The conjoint community resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resilience for emergencies[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2013, 80(9): 1732-1741.
CUTTER S L, ASH K D, EMRICH C T. The geographies of community disaster resilience[J].
Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 2014, 29: 65-77.
李亚，翟国方. 我国城市灾害韧性评估及其提升策略研究[J]. 规划师，2017，33（8）：5-11.
LI Ya, ZHAI Guofang. China's urban disaster resilience evaluation and promotion[J]. Planners, 2017, 33(8): 5-11.
李文静，翟国方，陈伟，等. 基于避难弱者需求视角的县域避难场所规划研究——以长宁“6•17”地
震灾后调研为例[J]. 震灾防御技术，2022，17（4）：764-774.
LI Wenjing, ZHAI Guofang, CHEN Wei, et al. County shelter planning from the perspective of the demands of the vulnerable: based on the survey of the 6•17 Changning Earthquake[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 2022, 17(4): 764-774.
KULIG J. Community resiliency: the potential for community health nursing theory development[J].
Public Health Nursing, 2000, 17(5): 374-385.
HOLLING C S, GUNDERSON L H. Resilience and adaptive cycles[M]//HOLLING C S, GUNDERSON L
H. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001: 25-62.
颜文涛，象伟宁，袁琳. 探索传统人类聚居的生态智慧——以世界文化遗产区都江堰灌区为例[J]. 国际
城市规划，2017，32（4）：1-9.
YAN Wentao, XIANG Weining, YUAN Lin. Exploring ecological wisdom of traditional human settlements in a world cultural heritage area: a case study of Dujiangyan Irrigation Area, Sichuan Province, China[J]. Urban Planning International, 2017, 32(4): 1-9.
