基于场所营造的社区规划：北京“新清河实验”的实践探索*
Community Planning Based on Placemaking: Practice Exploration in "New Qinghe Experiment", Beijing
刘佳燕
清华大学建筑学院 副教授
摘要: 伴随社区规划的迅速发展，探索在地化路径成为重要关注点。通过梳理中西方社区规划的发展历程，总结其呈现出从“基于空间”到“基于场所”的演进特征，其源自对社区作为一种地方性场所的复杂内涵的认知，进而辨析中国传统语境和实践中的社区概念，揭示“地方场所”和“地方治理”是关键理念。基于对场所和场所营造相关概念和特征的辨析，从社区规划的角度，提出社区作为场所的多维价值属性，包括地域共同体、生活共同体和治理共同体，需要通过综合性的场所营造得以完整实现。结合北京“新清河实验”中的社区规划实践，探讨在地化的场所营造策略，提出主要实施路径，包括提升宜居性、增进场所感、开展跨域协作和推动社区参与等方面。
Abstract: With the rapid development of community planning, exploring the localization path has become an important focus. This paper reviews the development of community planning in the West and China, and summarizes its evolution characteristic from "space-based" to "place-based", which derives from the cognition of the complex connotation of community as a local place. Then, it differentiates the concept of community in traditional Chinese context and practice, and reveals that "local place" and "local governance" are the key concepts. Based on the analysis of relative concepts and characteristics of place and placemaking, from the perspective of community planning, it puts forward the multi-dimensional values of community as a place, including territorial community, life community and governance community, which may be completely realized through comprehensive placemaking. Furthermore, combining with the community planning practice in the "New Qinghe Experiment" in Beijing, it discusses the localized placemaking strategies, and summarizes four main aspects of the implementation path, including improving livability, promoting a sense of place, carrying out cross-domain collaboration, as well as facilitating community participation, together with detailed examples in Qinghe practice.
关键词：场所；场所营造；社区规划；社区参与；新清河实验
Keyword: place; placemaking; community planning; community participation; New Qinghe Experiment
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
住房和城乡建设部软科学研究项目 “基于政策工具和案例评估的城镇老旧小区更新改造的政策体系研究” 2020-R-010
GANAPATI S. Critical appraisal of three ideas for community development in the United States[J]. Journal of Planning Education & Research, 2008, 27(4): 382-399.
GRANT J. Planning the good community: new urbanism in theory and practice[M]. London: Routledge, 2006.
刘佳燕，王天夫，等. 社区规划的社会实践——参与式城市更新及社区再造[M]. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2019.
LIU Jiayan, WANG Tianfu, et al. Social practice of community planning: participatory urban regeneration and community rebuilding[M]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2019.
SMITH N R, ABRAMSON D, MI S. An introduction to planning China's communities: between people and place[J]. International Development Planning Review, 2019, 41(3): 247-267.
MACQUEEN K M, MCLELLAN E, METZGER D S, et al. What is community? An evidence-based definition for participatory public health[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2001, 91(12): 1929-1938.
BRAY D. Social space and governance in urban China: the Danwei system from origins to reform[M]. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005.
LU D. Remaking Chinese urban form: modernity, scarcity and space, 1949—2005[M]. London: Routledge, 2006.
ROWE P G, FORSYTH A, KAN H Y. China's urban communities: concepts, contexts, and well-being[M]. Boston, MA: Birkhauser, 2016.
RELPH E. Place and placelessness[M]. London: Pion Limited, 1976.
TUAN Y F. Space and place: the perspective of experience[M]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
PARSAEE M, PARVA M, KARIMI B. Space and place concepts analysis based on semiology approach in residential architecture[J]. HBRC Journal, 2015, 11(3): 368-383.
MAIN K, SANDOVAL G F. Placemaking in a translocal receiving community: the relevance of place to identity and agency[J]. Urban Studies, 2015, 52(1): 71-86.
CRESSWELL T. Place: a short introduction[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
KYLE G, CHICK G. The social construction of a sense of place[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2007, 29(3): 209-225.
SCANNELL L, GIFFORD R. Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2010, 30(1): 1-10.
李九全，张中华，王兴中. 场所理论应用于社区研究的思考[J]. 国际城市规划，2007，22（6）：85-90.
LI Jiuquan, ZHANG Zhonghua, WANG Xingzhong. The application of place theory to community[J]. Urban Planning International, 2007, 22(6): 85-90.
FANG M L, WOOLRYCH R, SIXSMITH J. Place-making with older persons: establishing sense-of-place through participatory community mapping workshops[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2016, 168: 223-229.
CANTER D. Understanding, assessing and acting in places: is an integrative framework possible?[M]//GARLING T, EVANS G W. Environment, cognition and action: an integrated approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
VEENHOVEN R, EHRHARDT J. The cross-national pattern of happiness: test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness[J]. Social Indicators Research, 1995, 34(1): 33-68.
Project for Public Spaces. What is placemaking?[EB/OL]. (2007) [2021-07-20]. http://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking.
CUMMINS S. CURTIS C, DIEZ-ROUX A V, et al. Understanding and representing 'place' in health research: a relational approach[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2007, 65(9): 1825-1838.
THEODORI G L. Community and community development in resource-based areas: operational definitions rooted in an interactional perspective[J]. Society & Natural Resources, 2005, 18(7): 661-669.
FLINT C G, LULOFF A E, THEODORI G L. Extending the concept of community interaction to explore regional community fields[J]. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 2010, 25(1): 22-36.
UN-Habitat. Global public space toolkit: from global principles to local policies and practice[R/OL]. (2015) [2021-07-20]. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/06/guia_global_ep.pdf.
SCHLEBUSCH S. Planning for sustainable communities: evaluating place-making approaches[J].
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2015, 4(4-1): 59-72.
刘佳燕，邓翔宇. 基于社会—空间生产的社区规划——新清河实验探索[J]. 城市规划，2016（11）：9-14.
LIU Jiayan, DENG Xiangyu. Community planning based on socio-spatial production: explorations in "New Qinghe Experiment"[J]. City Planning Review, 2016(11): 9-14.
刘佳燕，谈小燕，程情仪. 转型背景下参与式社区规划的实践和思考——以北京市清河街道Y社区为例[J]. 上海城市规划，2017（2）：23-28.
LIU Jiayan, TAN Xiaoyan, CHENG Qingyi. Practice and reflection of participatory community planning under the background of transformation: a case study of Y community, Qinghe District in Beijing[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2017(2): 23-28.
YEBOAH D A. A framework for place based health planning[J]. Australian Health Review, 2005, 29(1): 30-36.
